Biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies both produce medicines, but the medicines made by biotechnology companies are derived from living organisms while those made by pharmaceutical companies generally have a chemical basis.
The coining of the term biopharma further complicates matters. The term describes companies that are using both biotechnology and chemical sources in their medical research and development (R&D) efforts.
Key Takeaways
- Biotechnology (biotech) companies derive their products from the extraction or manipulation of living organisms.
- Pharmaceutical companies create medicines from chemicals and synthetic processes.
- In the world of investing, these both are important industry sectors with very different risk profiles despite their overarching similarities.
Biotechnology
Common products such as beer and wine, laundry detergent, and anything made of plastic are all biotechnology products. Humans have employed biotechnology since ancient times to breed animals and improve their crops.
However, in the modern financial world, biotechnology companies comprise an industry sector collectively known as the biotech. They research, develop, and produce a wide variety of commercial products, though most of them focus on medical or agricultural applications.
Biotechnology firms use the processes of living organisms as they manufacture products or solve problems. The identification and sourcing of DNA have helped the industry make great leaps. Companies in this sector have developed pest-resistant crops, created biofuels like ethanol, and developed gene cloning.
There also have been big product introductions in biopharma drugs. Some of the most frequently used biotechnology medical products recently introduced include the following:
- AbbVie’s Humira is used to treat arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn’s disease, among other ailments.
- Roche’s Rituxan is used to slow the growth of tumors in several types of cancer.
- Amgen/Pfizer’s Enbrel is used to treat several autoimmune diseases.
The top U.S.-based biotechnology firms in terms of market capitalization as of August 2021 are Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, and Thermo Fisher Scientific.
In recent years, biotechnology startups have sprouted alongside computer technology companies in Silicon Valley. The aim of most is to use biotechnology processes to create breakthrough drugs.
According to some projections, by 2026, medical biotechnology alone will hit $500 billion.
Pharmaceuticals
As an industry, pharmaceutical companies research, develop, and market medicines made primarily from artificial sources.
Some modern pharmaceutical companies have a long history, such as Bayer AG, the German company whose founder trademarked aspirin in 1899. As of 2021, the world’s top pharmaceutical company was Johnson & Johnson, followed by Roche and Pfizer.
Pharmaceutical products can take many years to process through the research and development phases before finally making it to market. Part of the lengthy R&D process includes gaining the approval of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
The largest companies in this sector provide stable results, but the field continues to grow with new companies opening regularly.
The Businesses of Biotech and Pharmaceuticals
Purely from the investor’s perspective, biotech and pharmaceuticals are very different propositions. An analyst will look at the amount a firm spends on research and development (R&D) as a percentage of sales to compare one company to another.
Biotechnology companies generally have very high operating costs as they are involved in research, development, and testing that takes years to complete. The result could be a historic breakthrough or utter failure. Investors in their stocks are along for the ride, up or down.
Also, this industry may find roadblocks to the development of new products if the research or end product is seen as harmful. As an example, several countries ban genetically modified plants and products.
Biotech has been given one advantage, to make up for its cost disadvantage. While pharmaceuticals generally hold exclusive rights to manufacture and distribute their drugs for five years, biotech can get patent protection for 12 years.
The big pharmaceutical companies, by comparison, have a steady flow of income from current products while maintaining a research and development effort aimed at improving upon existing products or creating new ones.
Pharma companies try to keep a steady pipeline of new products in various stages of development. The process to develop a new drug may take up to 15 years to complete. The FDA requires most new drugs to go through several phases of testing which, in itself, can take up to around eight years. Also, even if a company brings a new medicine to the market, it does not mean it will gain widespread physician approval and use.
The Bottom Line
Both pharmaceutical and biotech stocks face a costly process that, when successful, can produce highly profitable products. However, the process is extremely unpredictable, which for a small biotech firm can prove all too detrimental and unrecoverable. Pharmaceutical companies, due to their larger size and diversified revenue base, are typically able to withstand setbacks and failures. Competition is more relevant and costly to pharmaceutical companies, creating a need for strong pipelines and non-organic revenues (such as through M&A or alliances). Consideration of these key themes can provide the basis for making a prudent investment.